Feedstuff materials are the ingredients present in the feed. These materials are intended to provide specific metabolical functions such as energy, good formation ofskeletal bodies etc.
However, the efficacy of these materials varies from one to another. For example, the energy present in feedstuff A can be greatly higher than that of feedstuff B. Also in terms of availability, feedstuff A can be readily available compare to feedstuff B. These are special considerations to be considered when choosing choice of feedstuffs to use in formulating animal feed.
Here are some common materials used in feed formulation and individual limitation.
1. Wheat
Wheat is an energy giving feedstuff. The germ or embryo is very rich in protein, low in fibre and an excellent source of vitamin E.
However, it has some limitations or disadvantages which are; it has high non-starch polysaccharides contents resulting in intestinal digesta viscosity problem.
2. Sorghum
Sorghum has no pigment. The main limitation of sorghum is that dark sorghum contains tannin, which lower protein and carbohydrate digestibility.
3. Millet
This can replace 50-65% of maize in animal diet depending on the millet type.
However, it has some limitations as well, it had high fibre content and also contains tannin, which lower protein and carbohydrate digestibility.
4. Rice bran
The limitations this have are; it has high fibre, it contains phytic acid, it has high degree of rancidity. Good quality can be used at a level of 5-10% in broiler diets and up to 40% in layer diet
5. Wheat bran
The only limitation this material has is that it has high fiber content. It can be used at a level less than 5% in broiler diet and up to 15% in layers diet.
6. Blood meal
This material is very rich in protein but also has some disadvantages; it is extremely deficient in isoleucine and not palatable to animals.
However, it can be added to animal diet at a level less than 5%.
7. Hydrolyzed feather meal
This material also has high protein content but limitations include; it is deficient in several essential amino acids, it has low availability of amino acids.
It can be added to animal feed at a level not more than 5%.
8. Cotton seed meal
It is a source of protein in animal feed, limitations include; it has high fibre content, presence of anti-nutritional factor called gossypol .
Low gossypol cotton seed meal can be used up to 10-15% in broiler diet, limit use in layers diet because of effects internal quality of the egg.
9. Sesame meal
It is a good source of methionine and can be used up to 15%. The only limitation is that it has high phytate content.
10. Groundnut meal
This is a good source of protein and oil. It contains tannin and aflatoxin . Good quality can be used up to 15% in animal diet.
11. Sunflower meal
It is a good source of methione, also enhance the yolk color in layers. The only limitation is its high fibre content.
12. Palm kernel meal
It has high fiber, poor texture and low palatability. Good quality can be used at level 5-10% in broiler diet and up to 30% in layers diet.
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